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: Use of forceps or vacuum extraction significantly increases the likelihood of anal sphincter tears, with forceps having a notably higher risk profile than vacuum.

: She has contributed to findings showing that specific "care bundles" (protective techniques used by clinicians) can reduce these injury rates by up to 25% . sarka anal

: Her research indicates that while episiotomies are intended to prevent trauma, they are actually associated with a higher risk of OASI during spontaneous vaginal deliveries. : Use of forceps or vacuum extraction significantly