: It contains anthraquinones (like alizarin and purpurin), terpenes, and cyclopeptides . 2. Rubia tinctorum (Common Madder)

: In traditional systems, it was used to treat kidney stones and menstrual disorders, though it is less common today due to potential toxicity . A comprehensive review of Rubia cordifolia L. - PMC

: Its rhizomes and roots are valued for improving blood circulation, purifying blood, and treating inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, and psoriasis.

: Research has highlighted its antioxidant , anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects.