: To determine if electrical activity exists in Venus's dense, high-pressure clouds. Electrostatic modeling has since been used to reconstruct sensor geometry and explain signals detected during descent.
: An independent media project that tracks political pressure on Russian universities. A 2025 study by Groza and OVD-Info analyzed over 130 cases of administrative persecution, including student expulsions and the dissolution of independent student councils. : To determine if electrical activity exists in
: Carried by Venera 13 and 14, this instrument utilized electrodes to record discharge currents in the lower Venusian atmosphere. : To determine if electrical activity exists in