: e.g., Aluminum, Copper (high ductility). HCP (Hexagonal Close-Packed) : e.g., Magnesium, Titanium.
: Rapid cooling (often in water or oil) to "trap" atoms in a high-strength, brittle state called Martensite . Engineering Metallurgy - Applied Physical Metal...
: These are "maps" showing what phases (solid or liquid) exist at specific temperatures and compositions. Iron at room temperature.
: Heating and air cooling to refine grain size and improve uniformity. Engineering Metallurgy - Applied Physical Metal...
While steel is dominant, other metals are vital for specialized applications:
Applied physical metallurgy uses temperature to manipulate microstructure without changing the shape of the part.
: Metals are crystalline, meaning atoms are arranged in repeating 3D patterns called lattices. Common structures include: BCC (Body-Centered Cubic) : e.g., Iron at room temperature.