Olivier Armantier, Marco Cipriani, and Asani Sarkar
(2025): Uses laboratory experiments to show that once a facility is stigmatized, it is extremely difficult to "cure" that perception, even with policy changes. discount window treatment
Stigma surfaced eight months before the 2023 regional banking crisis and has not significantly subsided since. Other Key Research Papers Olivier Armantier, Marco Cipriani, and Asani Sarkar (2025):
