Bellows

They are excellent for absorbing vibration and multi-directional movement, especially in high-pressure or nuclear environments.

Essential for modern piping, but they require strict adherence to ASME/EJMA standards to prevent catastrophic instability. Design and analysis aspect of metal expansion bellows bellows

Multi-ply designs offer a better fatigue life than single-ply versions. bellows

They are susceptible to "squirm" (buckling) if internal pressure exceeds design limits. Corrosion near welding points is also a common failure point. bellows

In engineering, bellows are convoluted shells that compress or extend to handle pressure or thermal expansion in piping systems.