: The cells are highly motile, utilizing peritrichous flagella (tails covering the entire surface) to move through liquids [2, 5].
: Acts as a "cell factory" to mass-produce enzymes (like amylase and protease for laundry detergents) and vitamins, specifically Riboflavin (B2) [1, 7, 8]. bacillus subtilis
: Used as a biopesticide and soil inoculant to promote plant growth, fix nitrogen, and suppress fungal pathogens like root rot [10, 13, 15]. : The cells are highly motile, utilizing peritrichous
: It is a rod-shaped bacterium, typically 2–6 µm long and about 1 µm in diameter [1, 2]. : It is a rod-shaped bacterium, typically 2–6
: Under stress or nutrient starvation, it undergoes asymmetric cell division to create an endospore . These spores can remain dormant for years and are resistant to environmental extremes like UV radiation and high temperatures [1, 2, 5].
: While historically seen as an obligate aerobe, it is a facultative anaerobe that can grow without oxygen through fermentation [1, 2, 9].
: Spores are even used in developing self-healing concrete , where they germinate to fill cracks with calcium carbonate precipitation [8, 16].