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Aspirin works by inhibiting enzymes called cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2, which are responsible for producing prostaglandins—substances that cause inflammation, pain, and fever. Commercialized in 1899, it quickly became a staple in medicine cabinets,, eventually helping millions manage aches and reduce fevers during the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. Unlike other NSAIDs like ibuprofen, aspirin permanently disables the COX enzyme for the life of the platelet (about 8–10 days). The most significant side effect is an increased risk of gastrointestinal (stomach) bleeding or hemorrhages. In 1897, Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann synthesized acetylsalicylic acid to create a more tolerable, less stomach-irritating form of salicylic acid. Used for acute pain relief, fever reduction, and controlling inflammation.
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