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: A turning point where Ottoman expansion into Europe was definitively halted.
: The struggle between Catholics and Protestants (Reformation vs. Counter-Reformation) became a central driver of European politics. : A turning point where Ottoman expansion into
This was the first "all-European" war, involving most states of the continent. : The Habsburg Bloc : Austria and Spain (Catholic). : A turning point where Ottoman expansion into
: Competition for control over trade routes and colonies. II. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) : A turning point where Ottoman expansion into
: No single state was allowed to dominate Europe, creating a fragile system of checks and balances. IV. Decline of the Ottoman Empire