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The century began with the shattering of empires. The aftermath of World War I acted as a catalyst, dismantling the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires. In their wake, the principle of —championed by figures like Woodrow Wilson—gave birth to new nation-states. However, this transition was far from seamless. The struggle to define "who belongs" within these new borders set the stage for the ethnic and political tensions that would define the decades to follow. 2. Ideological Totalitarianism vs. Democratic Resilience

The Architect of Modernity: Navigating the Geopolitical Shifts of the 20th Century Introduction: The Century of Extremes The century began with the shattering of empires

The resolution of this conflict in 1945 did not bring peace, but rather a "Long Peace" known as the , where the world was bifurcated into two spheres of influence. 3. Decolonization and the Global South However, this transition was far from seamless